Pleaes .Requires.Overview.Paraphrase..rewrttin Essay

Pleaes .Requires.Overview.Paraphrase..rewrttin - Essay Example Medical imaging involving ionizing radiation uses x-rays and gamma rays. As the ionizing radiation passes through the body, it is differentially absorbed by tissues of greater thickness, causing ionization of tissue atoms making them chemically reactive and potentially capable of cell damage (Yale 2011). This raises concern over the frequent use of ionising radiation in medical imaging, and the associated risks to human health. Exposure to ionizing radiation is of concern because evidence has linked exposure to low-level ionizing radiation at doses used in medical imaging to the development of cancer. The National Academy of Sciences’ National Research Council comprehensively reviewed biological and epidemiological data related to health risks from exposure to ionizing radiation, recently published as the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII Phase 2 report. The epidemiologic data described atomic bomb survivors, populations who lived near nuclear facilities duri ng accidental releases of radioactive materials such as Chernobyl, workers with occupational exposures, and populations who received exposures from diagnostic and therapeutic medical studies. Radiation doses associated with commonly used CT examinations resemble doses received by individuals in whom an increased risk of cancer was documented. For example, an increased risk of cancer has been identified among long-term survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs, who received exposures of 10 to 100 milli-sieverts (mSv). A single CT scan can deliver an equivalent radiation exposure, and patients may receive multiple CT scans over time. (Smith-Bindman et al 2009) Risks involved in the use of Ionizing radiation Since the finding of the first solid tumour that resulted from the effects of ionizing radiation, protection from ionizing radiation used in medical procedures has become a vital issue, particularly in view of the dramatic increase in the number medical procedures involv ing its use (Davros et al 2007). Because of the public uproar over radiation protection, an International Commission for Radiation Protection was established in 1928. "The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) estimates that the average person has an approximately 4-5% increased relative risk of fatal cancer after a whole-body dose of 1 Sv. However, other studies on multiple cohorts of radiation workers have largely failed to establish statistically significant cancer risks. When multiple occupational cohorts were combined and evaluated in a somewhat systematic way, a combined excess relative risk of cancer death of just less than 1% was estimated" (Cardis et al 2005). During the 1950s and 1960s, there were an increasing number of indicators that ionizing radiation was dangerous to humans. Experimentation using X-rays on animals, particularly rats, have linked ionizing radiation exposure to impending death, even at low levels. It has been proved that high and mo re frequent doses of radiation pose greater risks to the patient, causing, for example, skin erythema and other kinds of irritations (Egbe et al 2009). Other side-effects of ionizing radiation include dizziness, nausea, and light headedness. Risks associated with radiation exposure in hepato-biliary scans are quite high. In a study by McCollough et al (2009) it was found that in many cases, the onset of cancer was linked to the area frequently exposed to x-rays. Other studies suggest that

Digital Cinema Review and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Digital Cinema Review and Analysis - Essay Example The effects used in Gravity are simply astonishing as they hit the viewers emotionally, spiritually, and psychologically. The director, Cuaron, has used his signature style for this movie which is the technique of using long shots. The camera and shooting techniques of the movie have greatly contributed in making it a visually appealing movie and along with that, these techniques have helped in depicting the story and the concepts of the movie pretty well. Gravity tends to be a weighty movie which means that the script had been prepared over a course of five years and the direction of the film only became possible with the new techniques of lighting, shooting, and directing which marked a new era of fictional film making. The story is about a medical researcher who is self-alienated from the community of humans and the Earth. Eventually she is put all alone in space for great stretches of time. Space is an important aspect and metaphor for the film which helps the characters to explore themselves and struggle for survival. In space, in the weightlessness, the inaction of an individual’s personality becomes a physical force. The movie shows many cocoons for survival including ships, stations, and spacesuits which challenge the stark deadliness for an unprotected human of the universe. The space aspect brings in an emotional theme where it is shown that humans can take the Earth’s environment into space in little bits and pieces but the Mother Planet has immense gravity which attracts the human to come back home. There are also physics concepts which come in this theme when the researcher is given deadly barriers to cross making her life-giving atmosphere a threat (Hughes 1). This story is between the Earth and space and in order to bring the heavy story back down to the Earth into the hearts of the audience, the director has used 90